Since August 2023, Sudan has plunged back into extreme violence, displacing millions and causing an estimated 150,000 deaths, including among the besieged population of Al-Fashir. What began as a struggle for power has increasingly taken the form of a war against civilians. Two rival forces dominate the conflict: the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), commanded by Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, known as “Hemedti”, a former Janjaweed leader implicated in the Darfur genocide of 2003–2005. At the same time, regional powers have positioned themselves as mediators while continuing to fuel a conflict driven by Sudan’s strategic location and natural resources.